The Development of Big Techs in the Financial Sector: What Risks? What Regulatory Responses?
In recent years, major tech players, known as “big techs,” have gradually expanded into the financial services sector. Although their presence in Europe remains limited, their potential for growth raises critical questions about the risks posed to financial stability and the appropriate regulatory responses.
Big Techs in Finance: A Gradual but Concerning Expansion
Technology giants like Google, Amazon, Meta, and Apple, traditionally focused on digital activities (social networks, e-commerce, search engines), are increasingly diversifying into financial services. This move is fueled by several comparative advantages: a global user base, unmatched data management capabilities, and remarkable financial strength. These dynamics allow them to compete with well-established financial institutions, particularly in segments like payments, non-bank credit, and digital asset management.
Driven by technological innovations and new consumer expectations, especially the post-pandemic shift toward digitalization, big techs have become key players in the digital economy. Their dominant position in cloud services and potential in areas like mobile payments and cryptocurrencies further strengthen their growing influence over traditional financial systems.
Risks to Financial Stability
The entry of big techs into finance brings many innovations. However, it also raises new risks, particularly regarding financial stability. The main issue lies in the fragmentation of financial services they cause. By leveraging digital technologies, big techs externalize and unbundle financial value chains, creating increasing interconnections between the financial and commercial sectors. This interdependence can heighten the vulnerability of traditional financial institutions.
Operational Resilience: Many financial institutions depend on services provided by a small number of tech players, particularly for cloud services. This concentration raises the risk of systemic failure in case of an outage or interruption of these critical services. Today, giants like Amazon Web Services and Microsoft Azure dominate this sector.
Credit Distribution and Non-Bank Activities: The growth of big techs in non-bank lending (such as “Buy Now, Pay Later” services) also poses challenges. While these activities provide alternative solutions for consumers, they often escape the strict regulations imposed on banks, thus creating risks of financial contagion.
Competition and Consumer Protection: With their massive user base and data processing capabilities, big techs can easily lock down markets and push competitors out, creating de facto monopolies. These situations raise questions about fair competition and the protection of user data.
Regulatory Responses in Europe: What Are the Shortcomings?
The European Union has quickly responded to these developments by introducing several regulatory frameworks. The Digital Operational Resilience Act (DORA) and the Digital Markets Act (DMA) were implemented to strengthen the operational resilience of financial systems and regulate the major digital players. However, these initiatives are primarily focused on technical resilience and competition, leaving out key aspects of financial stability.
DORA, for instance, imposes requirements on financial institutions using IT service providers but does not fully address the risks posed by big techs as financial service distributors or non-bank lending operators. Furthermore, there is a lack of consolidated supervision of big tech activities across Europe. Current prudential frameworks are often bypassed by these groups, complicating regulators’ efforts to gain a comprehensive view of their operations.
Proposals for a Strengthened Regulatory Framework
To address these challenges, several regulatory proposals have been put forward. On one hand, it is crucial to strengthen and harmonize rules governing the activities in which big techs are expanding, especially in payment services and non-bank lending. This could include introducing new prudential requirements to monitor and regulate their activities at a consolidated level.
On the other hand, it is recommended that big techs be required to consolidate their significant financial activities within a dedicated structure, allowing for more comprehensive supervision. This restructuring would enable the application of the same prudential rules as traditional banks if needed, ensuring fair treatment and limiting the risk of regulatory evasion.
Conclusion: Balancing Innovation and Regulation
While the rise of big techs in finance brings major innovations and efficiency gains, it is essential to establish an adequate regulatory framework to manage the risks associated with this rapid transformation. European regulations must evolve to ensure that big techs can innovate while safeguarding financial stability and protecting consumers. Only a harmonized framework, accounting for both the specificities of big techs’ financial activities and the risks they pose, will allow for a balance between innovation and security in the financial sector.h